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The article considers the role of tourism in the world economy, analyzes the current state of international tourist flows in Ukraine, identifies the main problems of this industry and determines the further prospects of tourism development. At present, a market of tourist services, which are in great demand, is being formed. Analysis and forecast of aggregate demand in the world tourist market has shown that the number of tourists every year increases, and trends in increasing the tourist flow in the near future will maintain. The situation with tourism in Ukraine is unstable: since 2000, tourist flows to our country grew each year until 2014, when the number of tourists dropped sharply due to the global financial crisis, political, economic and social tension in Ukraine, the annexation of Crimea. However, in 2016, compared with 2015, tourist flows to Ukraine grew by 6.77% (from 12.4 million people in 2015 to 13.3 in 2016). Ukraine has continued to import tourist services in recent years. This is because our tourists go on vacation to foreign countries and there finance their tourism activities, paying for the relevant services. The advantage of importing tourism over exports negatively affects the general state of the economy of our country. Nevertheless, the study of inbound and outbound tourist flows of Ukraine allows us to conclude that their unconstrained increase during 2000-2016, which results, among other factors, in increasing the tourist activity of Ukrainian citizens, saturation of consumer demand with a national tourist product, on the one hand, and increase the interest of foreign citizens in the national tourist market.

Today, people are travelling more than ever, and an increased amount of this travelling occurs in natural environments. There exists a fundamental relationship between the environment and tourism, as the environment is a fundamental ingredient for tourism development. However, the increased numbers of tourist at these places have the potential to destroy the very natural components that the travelling is based on in the first place. These increased numbers can lead to serious overcrowding and congestion issues at prime natural attraction, which again has negative effects on both the environment, the tourist experience and the host community. The aim of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the adverse effects stemming from increased tourism, and how the public good and open access nature of these natural resource cause problems of overexploitation and degradation of the environment. Through concepts of negative externalities and carrying capacity, the thesis will discuss the negative impacts occur and try to identify a threshold limit for when they occur. Furthermore, the study attempts to analyze different policy instruments than can be used to regulate tourism. Exclusion mechanisms such as tourist quotas, taxes and charges are analyzed according to neoclassical economic theory, to understand the effects the instruments has on quantity and price. Moreover, these instruments were assessed through criteria of effectiveness, equity and distribution and transactions costs to highlight the different aspects of the respective instruments and to understand the trade-off between them. ; I dag reiser folk mer enn noen gang før, og de siste tiår har vi sett en økende tendens til at folk velger naturopplevelser som sitt reisemål. Det eksisterer et fundamentalt forhold mellom natur og turisme, ettersom naturen selv er en del av turisme opplevelsen. Det økende antallet turister ved naturlige steder har et potensiale til å ødelegge selve naturen som turisme er grunnet i. Denne økende turismen kan føre til alvorlige problemer ved å overbefolke turiststeder, som blant annet fører til opphopning/kødannelser. Dette har negative effekter både på naturen, turistenes egen opplevelse og forvetninger, samt på vertssamfunnet. Målet med denne oppgaven er å bidra til en bedre forståelse av de virkninger og bivirkninger som følger av økt turisme, og hvordan offentlige goder og den frie tilgangen til disse naturressursene forårsaker problemer med tanke på overutnyttelse og nedbrytning av miljøet. Gjennom begreper som eksternaliteter og miljøets bæreevne, diskuterer oppgaven de negative effektene som oppstår, og forsøker å diskutere en grensenivå for når de tiltrer. Videre forsøker studien å analysere ulike politiske virkemidler som kan brukes til å regulere turismen. Utelukkingsmekanismer som turistkvoter, skatter og avgifter, analyseres i henhold til neoklassisk økonomisk teori, for å forstå virkningene instrumentene har på mengde og pris. Videre blir disse instrumentene vurdert ved hjelp av kriterier for effektivitet, rettferdighet og distribusjon og transaksjonskostnader, for å markere de ulike aspektene ved de respektive instrumentene, samt å forstå avviket mellom dem. ; M-ØA

Tourism is developing in Georgia and it is the fact that the exemption of visa limitations has had an important impact on the growth of tourist flows. It may be assumed that significantly increased flows of EU citizens to Georgia in recent years are an immediate result of the liberal visa policy. Research methodology: methods of statistical observation, grouping and analysis were used in the research process. The number of total visitors to the country and that from the European Union increases annually. As the data of 2018 suggest, the visits to Georgia for 72.9% of the international visitors were recurring, while 27.1% of the visitors were on their first visit in Georgia. Visits from the EU are most common in the III quarter of the year, i.e. in summer. EU visitors are mostly from Poland, Germany, UK, France, Lithuania and other countries. Most visitors are of the 26-35 age group. The most visited place is Tbilisi. The visits from the EU show a generally increasing trend, with the greatest increase fixed in 2018 as compared to the previous year; men dominate among the international visitors. The EU countries show a similar regularity; as to the age categories, 31-50 age group dominates among the international visitors and 26-65 age group dominates among the EU visitors; a leading country with the largest number of visits from the EU is Poland; the degree of satisfaction is high, with only 1.7% of the international inbound visitors being discontent.

The potential changes to the territory of the Russian Arctic open up unique possibilities for the development of tourism. More favourable transport opportunities along the Northern Sea Route (NSR) create opportunities for tourism development based on the utilisation of the extensive areas of sea shores and river basins. A major challenge for the Russian Arctic sea and river ports is their strong cargo transport orientation originated by natural resource extraction industries. A careful assessment of the prospects of current and future tourism development is presented here based on the development of regions located along the shores of the Arctic ocean (including Murmansk and Arkhangelsk oblast, Nenets Autonomous okrug (AO), Yamal-Nenets AO, Taymyr AO, Republic of Sakha, Chykotsky AO). An evaluation of the present development of tourism in maritime cities suggests that a considerable qualitative and quantitative increase of tourism activities organised by domestic tourism firms is made virtually impossible. There are several factors contributing to this. The previously established Soviet system of state support for the investments into the port facilities as well as the sea fleet were not effectively replaced by creation of new structures. The necessary investments for reconstruction could be contributed by the federal government but the priorities are not set towards the increased passenger transportation. Having in mind, increased environmental pressures in this highly sensitive area it is especially vital to establish a well-functioning monitoring and rescue system in the situation of ever increasing risks which come not only from the increased transports along the NSR, but also from the exploitation of the offshore oil and gas reserves in the Arctic seas. The capacity and knowledge established in Nordic countries (Norway, Finland) concerning cruise tourism should not be underestimated and the already functioning cooperation in Barents Region should expand towards this particular segment of the tourism industry. The current stage of economic development in Russia makes it clear that tourism development is not able to compete with the well-needed increase in the cargo transportation, which means that Russia's fleet is going to be utilised by other industries. However, opening up this area to both local and international visitors could contribute to the economic prosperity of these remote areas and if carefully managed could sustain already existing maritime cities along the shores of the Arctic Ocean.

Tourism suffered more than many other sectors amid Covid-19 travel restrictions. This article looks at the impact of the pandemic on the territorial redistribution of tourist flows in the Baltic region. The study draws on regional annual and monthly data on international and domestic tourist arrivals between 2019 and 2021, available on the websites of the statistical offices of the Baltic Region countries. The regions earlier dependent on tourist arrivals from Russia experienced the largest drop in inbound tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, domestic tourism burgeoned in most of the region's countries. In 2021, the most dramatic increase in domestic arrivals occurred, year on year, in the border regions of Russia's Northwest Federal District; the growth was also notable in Finland and the Baltic States. Domestic tourist flow compensated, partially or even fully, for the decrease in inbound tourist flow in most regions. The structure of inbound tourism changed markedly during the pandemic, with the share of tourists from the Baltic States growing. The strongest rise was in some regions of southern Finland and more modest in Latvia and Lithuania.

The present public statistical system does not provide information concerning second houses touristic flows at sub-regional level. The lack limits local administrations' capabilities to take decisions about either: environmental, territorial and productive development, as well as regional governments in fair allocation of public financing. In the work, this information lack is overcome by proposing an indirect estimation methodology. Municipalities electric power consumption is proposed as an indicator of the stays on secondary homes. The indicator is connected to tourism flows considering both measurement errors and factors, modifying the local power demand. The application to Emilia-Romagna regional case allow to verify results' coherence with officials statistics, as weel as to assess municipalities' tourist vocation.

the financial component as an indicator of the impact of tourism. The article analyzes the flow of inbound and outbound tourism in Ukraine in the context of the purpose of visit, geography and intensity of coverage of the Ukrainian population. We prove that the analysis of tourist flows should be systematic, constant research that will provide an opportunity in the future to identify additional reserves for tourism development and transformation at a constant source of revenues for the state budget. Comparison of tourist flows from the financial component: the dynamics of government revenues and expenditures, to evaluate the effectiveness of activities and integrated assessment of the development of tourism in Ukraine. ; В исследовании систематизировано теоретические подходы к определению дефиниции «туристический поток» с целью составления собственного комплексного подхода с учетом финансовой составляющей, как показателя результативность туризма. В статье проанализированы потоки въездного и выездного туризма Украины в контексте цели визита, географии и интенсивности охвата украинским населением. Доказано, что анализ туристических потоков должен стать систематизированным, постоянным исследованием, которое предоставит возможность в будущем выявить дополнительные резервы развития туристической отрасли и превращение на неизменный источник доходов государственного бюджета. Сопоставление туристических потоков с финансовой составляющей: динамикой поступлений в государственный бюджет и расходов, позволяет оценить эффективность от деятельности и комплексность оценки состояния развития туризма в Украине. ; В дослідженні систематизовані теоретичні підходи до визначення дефініції «туристичний потік» з метою складення власного комплексного підходу з урахуванням фінансової складової, як показника результативності туризму. В статті проаналізовано потоки в'їзного та виїзного туризму України в контексті мети візиту, географії та інтенсивності охоплення українського населення. Доведено, що аналіз туристичних потоків повинний стати систематизованим, постійним дослідженням, що надасть змогу в майбутньому для виявлення додаткових резервів розвитку туристичної галузі та перетворення на незмінне джерело доходів державного бюджету. Зіставлення туристичних потоків з фінансовою складовою: динамікою надходжень до державного бюджету та видатків, дозволяє оцінити ефективність від діяльності та комплексність оцінки стану розвитку туризму в Україні.